ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ARTISANAL GOLD MINING AT CIKANGEAN RIVER IN MULYAJAYA VILLAGE, GARUT, WEST JAVA
Retno Damayanti and M. Lutfie, R&D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 623 Bandung 40211
Ph. 022-6030483, Fax. 022-6003373
e-mail: retnod@tekmira.esdm.go.id; lutfi@tekmira.esdm.go.id
ABSTRACT
The artisanal and small scale gold mining usually utilize mercury for its gold recovery. Mercury is used as the best alternative by many miners due to its effectiveness, simple and cheap process for gold recovery. The increasing mercury utilization motivates tekMIRA to prevent more pollution caused by uncontrolled or incorrect mercury utilization. For this purpose, the artisanal gold mining located in Mulyajaya Village, Garut was chosen for monitoring mining activities. Grab sampling method was used to evaluate environmental monitoring on terrestrial water and its sediment, soil and tailing surrounding the artisanal gold mining.
The monitoring results show that mercury was found in all waters and sediment surrounding the artisanal gold mine. The mercury concentration in river sediment was around 0.08 – 0.15 ppm and this was higher than its concentration in the river water (0.0002 ppm). The same concentration occurred at the upstream and downstream (0.0002 ppm). The mercury concentration in the sediment coming from sedimentation pond were 2.27 – 7.60 ppm. Eventhough the mercury was still in low concentration either in the water or in the sediment, a guidance should be delivered to the miners about the danger of mercury substances used in the mining activities.
Keywords: artisanal gold mining, mercury, environmental impact, monitoring
GEOLOGIC AND PETROGRAPHIC ASPECTS FOR COAL EXPLORATION IN SANGATTA-EAST KALIMANTAN
Binarko Santoso and Bukin Daulay, R&D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 623 Bandung 40211, ph. 022-6030483, fax. 022-6003373,
E-mail: binarkos@tekmira.esdm.go.id; bukin@tekmira.esdm.go.id
ABSTRACT
The Miocene Sangatta coals indicate similarities and differences in type and rank characteristics. The phenomena express the geological setting that includes the stratigraphic aspect and the presence of intrusive body. The stratigraphic aspect relates to geologic age and cover thickness; the lower coal seam having a thicker cover has a higher rank than the upper coal seam. The intrusive body changes the rank of the coal up to semi-anthracite. The coals that are not affected by the intrusion have rank of brown coal to subbituminous. The rank of the coals increases from east to west toward the Meratus Range due to the cover thickness, where the western part has a thicker cover than the eastern part. These geological phenomena could be an exploratory target for the prospective coals.
Keywords: geology, petrography, exploration, type and rank of coal
OCCURRENCE OF PHILLIPSITE MINERAL IN SUB-SEAFLOOR OF ROO RISE-INDIAN OCEAN: A Tectonic Erosion Synthesis
Dida Kusnida, Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia,
Jalan DR. Djundjunan 236, Bandung-40174,
e-mail: didakusnida@mgi.esdm.go.id
ABSTRACT
A single deep-sea core (MD982156) of 30.30 meters long which is obtained during the MD III-IMAGES IV Expedition from Roo Rise - Indian Ocean in 1998 was studied. Down to 30 meters of the core length, the sediment consists of abundance planktonic foraminiferas. Below 30 meters, it is mostly composed of phillipsite mineral-rich sediment that is associated with nannoplanktons.
The Paleocene authigenic phillipsite minerals associated with nannoplanktons is separated from Late Miocene to Holocene planktonic foraminiferas rich-sediments by hiatus. This hiatus or non depositional in Roo Rise suggest be triggered by long Cenozoic tectonic erosion.
Keywords: phillipsite, Roo-Rise, Indian Ocean, authigenic, hiatus, tectonic erosion
DEVELOPMENT OF CYCLONE COAL BURNER FOR FUEL OIL BURNER SUBSTITUTION IN INDUSTRIES
Sumaryono, R&D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology
Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 623, ph. 022-6030483, fax. 022-6003373, Bandung 40211, e-mail: soemaryono@tekmira.esdm.go.id
ABSTRACT
The high fuel oil price forces the industries to seek cheaper alternative energy. Coal is the most promising alternative energy in Indonesia. To face this situation, R & D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology (tekMIRA) has developed a cyclone burner. This burner has the combustion characteristics nearly the same as the fuel oil burner that this burner may alter the fuel oil burner in various industrial facilities, such as steam boiler, oil heater, rotary dryer, metal smelter and heat exchanger. The cyclone burner combusting coal powder of -30 mesh may match the energy output of the former altered fuel oil burner. The burning of coal emits long flame and the combustion rate may be controlled by a variable feeder. It may be shut of and then put on instantaneously as it is practiced in oil burner. Fine adjustment of the coal and air supply were performed and this burner was set up in vertical and horizontal position. In this substitution 1 litre fuel oil was substituted by 1.5 up to 1.8 kg of coal of 5700 kcal/kg.
Keywords: coal, cyclone burner, oil burner substitution
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CABOTAGE LAW IMPLEMENTATION IN INDONESIA COAL TRANSPORTATION
Gandhi Kurnia Hudaya, R&D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology
Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 623, ph. 022-6030483, fax. 022-6003373, Bandung 40211, e-mail: gandhi@tekmira.esdm.go.id
ABSTRACT
Presidential Decree No. 5 year 2005 followed by Shipping Law No. 17 on May 7 in 2008 has been declared by Indonesian government to start implementing cabotage law. Under new law, by 2010, all domestic shipments of 13 specified commodities including coal will have to be conducted by national vessels.
Coal, as the largest energy resource in Indonesia had contributed significant value to state revenue and can be utilized more. In 2006, coal transportation cost mostly earned by foreign-flagged ships by US$ 3.07 billion compared to Indonesia-flagged ships which only can earn US$ 0.5 billion. This study conducted to analyze the economic impact to Indonesia based on the implementation of cabotage law in 2010. From the analysis, it can be concluded that cabotage law implementation on coal transportation will give economic impacts :
1. US$ 935 million per year on foreign exchange saving;
2. Utilization of shipping industry by investment of US$ 1.25 billion;
3. Increase on government income from tax to US$ 0.2 billion per year;
4. More than 30,000 new direct employment opportunities and ;
5. Improvement of investment and business climate.
Keywords : cabotage law, coal transportation, economic impact
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ON DEVELOPMENT OF COAL LIQUEFACTION PLANT IN INDONESIA USING BROWN COAL LIQUEFACTION (BCL) TECHNOLOGY
Miftahul Huda, Granit Agustina, Nining Sudini Ningrum and Bukin Daulay
R&D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology
Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 623, ph. 022-6030483, fax. 022-6003373, Bandung 40211
e-mail: gandhi@tekmira.esdm.go.id; granit@tekmira.esdm.go.id
ABSTRACT
Financial analysis of Mulia coal liquefaction plant has been conducted in the year 2002 and up dated in the year 2007. However, the increase of coal price, currently, has promoted coal companies to export their coal rather than to allocate it as raw material for coal liquefaction. To maintain the stability of coal supply in a liquefaction plant, the use of stranded mining coal as raw material for the plant should be studied. This study was aimed to conduct financial analysis of stranded coal from South Sumatera (Pendopo Coal) and to update the financial analysis of Mulia coal liquefaction. Discounted cash flow was used as the method for the analysis. The result indicates that with the oil price higher than US$ 70/bbl and coal price below US$ 25/ton, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of Pendopo coal liquefaction plant achieved value higher than 10%. Reducing corporate tax from 30% to 15% increased IRR value of approximately 1%. Meanwhile, by enlarging the plant scale from 3,000t/d to 12,000 t/d will increase the IRR value as much as 5%. On the other hand, the IRR of Mulia coal liquefaction plant was less than 9% when the oil price was lower than US$ 70/bbl and coal price was above US$ 55/ton.
Keywords: coal liquefaction, financial analysis, BCL technology
PRODUCTION OF BIO-COAL USING SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL, WOOD SAW DUST AND EMPTY PALM BUNCHES AT PALIMANAN BIO-COAL PLANT
Slamet Suprapto and Suganal, R&D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology
Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 623 Bandung 40211, ph. 022-6030483, fax. 022-6003373,
E-mail: slamets@tekmira.esdm.go.id; suganal@tekmira.esdm.go.id
ABSTRACT
Palimanan Bio-coal Plant which has production capacity of 5 tons/hour normally uses bagasse or saw dust as biomass and bituminous coal for raw materials. In order to study the possibility of substituting the raw material with sub bituminous coal and empty palm bunches, production test of bio-coal using sub bituminous coal, wood saw dust and empty palm bunches at Palimanan Bio-coal Plant has been carried out. Sub bituminous coal from South Kalimantan and empty palm bunches from East Kalimantan were used for the study. The production process used was the same with that of the operation, except with the addition of pre-treatment process for the empty palm bunches. The results showed that production test bio-coal using the new composition of 80% of sub bituminous coal from South Kalimantan, 14% of saw dust and 6% of Empty Palm Bunches showed very satisfactory result with the good chemical and physical qualities of bio-coal. The bio-coal product had slightly lower calorific value of 5274 cal/g, but with lower contents of ash and sulfur of 3.43 and 0.16% respectively. The breaking strength of bio-coal product was similar with that of the normal composition bio-coal in the range of 51 – 103 kg. The breaking strength tended to increase with the duration of air drying. The bio-coal product also showed enough size stability at the value of 65.75%. The production capacity of Palimanan Bio-coal Plant in producing bio-coal using the new composition depended on the capacity of EPB preparation, about 108 kg/hr.
Keywords: Bio-coal, wood saw dust, empty palm bunches, briquetted fuel
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